Revolution Day Pictures La Penita de Jaltemba Nayarit Mexico
by Adam Caddell and Bill Bell
The Mexican Revolution and Its Legacy
Allan Wall - PVNN
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One of the most colorful Revolutionary leaders was
Emiliano Zapata, the leader of the "Liberation Army of the South." |
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A nation and its people need shared historical experiences,
what Abraham Lincoln called "the mystic chords of memory." Annual commemorations
of national festivals help to reinforce a nation's historical identity.
In Mexico, Revolution Day, November 20th, is one such civic
observance.
The Mexican Revolution began November 20th, 1910, as an
uprising against longtime dictator Porfirio Diaz, who resigned and left the
country in 1911.
But the abdication of Porfirio Diaz did not usher in an era
of peace and prosperity. Far from it.
Francisco I. Madero, who started the revolution and became
president, was overthrown by Victoriano Huerta, who in turn was overthrown by a
coalition which then broke up into warring factions.
The two most colorful Revolutionary leaders were Pancho
Villa, the "Centaur of the North" and Emiliano Zapata, leader of the "Liberation
Army of the South." They've also made the deepest impression on the collective
psyche of Mexican identity.
Pancho Villa was defeated in 1915 at Celaya, the biggest
battle of the Revolution, by Alvaro Obregon.
After the Carranza/Obregon faction triumphed over the
Villa/Zapata alliance, a new constitution was drafted under Carranza's
leadership in 1917. It's still in use, though with many amendments.
An interesting bit of trivia is that the Mexican Revolution
was the first war anywhere in which an airplane dropped a bomb on a ship, in the
battle of Topolobampo in 1913.
Foreign powers also intervened in the war. Germany
supported Huerta, and later tried to make a deal with Carranza.
The United States supported Pancho Villa but then switched
to backing Carranza. In retribution, the "Centaur of the North" launched a raid
on Columbus, New Mexico. That raid provoked Pershing's Punitive Expedition into
northern Mexico, the first U.S. military operation to include the use of
aircraft in a combat capacity. On Mexico's east coast, the U.S. military briefly
occupied the port of Veracruz.
The Mexican Revolution is honored each year in November,
and Mexican schools teach its importance. It's a key part of Mexican national
identity.
The long-ruling PRI (Institutional Revolutionary Party)
glorified the Mexican Revolution. That's because the faction that eventually won
the Revolution organized itself into a political party that eventually became
known as the Institutional Revolutionary Party.
The PRI's title (institutional + revolutionary) might sound
like a strange juxtaposition. What it meant was that the PRI presented itself as
the heir of the Mexican Revolution, continuing to grant the benefits of the
people's struggle for justice.
But times have changed. The PRI is no longer in control.
What's more, in recent years, some Mexicans have criticized the Revolution for
not being all it was cracked up to be. It's been belittled from the right end of
the spectrum, and on the left for not having gone far enough.
The Mexican revolutionaries represented different interests
and ideologies. Zapata's major cause was restoration of confiscated property in
his region. As for Pancho Villa, it's not at all clear what his ideology was.
The long-vilified Porfirio Diaz' image has slightly
improved. His accomplishments include economic development, a low crime rate and
a peso on par with the pound sterling.
Madero was mostly in agreement with Diaz' policies, but he
thought the old dictator had been in office too long. To this day, Mexican
congressmen and senators aren't allowed to succeed themselves. Is that policy
still relevant? Some say no, and want it changed. Allowing Mexican lawmakers to
stand for re-election might make them more accountable to the voters.
Some have gone so far as to repudiate the Mexican
Revolution altogether. Mexican pundit Sergio Sarmiento calls the Revolution a
"monumental failure" which "destroyed a regime of poverty, inequality and
authoritarianism" but also "constructed another regime of poverty, inequality
and authoritarianism."
In 2007, Macario Schettino published a book entitled Cien
Años de Confusión (A Hundred Years of Confusion.) Schettino asserts that despite
its much-celebrated Revolution, 20th- century Mexico has not developed more
successfully than other Latin American nations, whether you look at development
in terms of the economy, education, health or social security. As for the
progress made in Mexico since the Revolution, Schettino says such progress has
been made in other countries that had no social revolution.
As time goes by, how much could such criticism change the
traditional mainstream perspective on the Mexican Revolution? How will future
Mexican generations look back on the era, and what lessons can be drawn from it
for the future?
Allan
Wall is an American citizen who has been teaching English in Mexico since 1991,
and writing articles about various aspects of Mexico and Mexican society for the
past decade. Some of these articles are about Mexico's political scene, history
and culture, tourism, and Mexican emigration as viewed from south of the border,
which you can read on his website at
AllanWall.net.